第一台蒸汽机

The first steam engine

1712年，英国人托马斯·纽科门发明了不依靠人和动物来做功而是靠机械做功的蒸汽机，被称为纽科门蒸汽机。

In 1712, the British Thomas Neen invented a steam engine that relies on mechanical work instead of human beings and animals. It is called the new town steam engine.

1757年，木匠出身的技工詹姆斯·瓦特被英国格拉斯戈大学聘为实验室技师，有机会接触纽科门蒸汽机，并对纽科门的蒸汽机产生了兴趣。1769年，瓦特与博尔顿合作，发明了装有冷凝器的蒸汽机。1774年11月，他俩又合作制造了真正意义的蒸汽机。蒸汽机曾推动了机械工业甚至社会的发展，并为汽轮机和内燃机的发展奠定了基础。

In 1757, James Watt, a mechanic of the carpenter's origin, was hired as a laboratory technician at the University of glasgo, England, and had the opportunity to contact the steam engine of the new gate, and was interested in the steam engine of the new gate. In 1769, Walter worked with Bolton to create a steam engine equipped with condensers. In November 1774, they worked together to create a real steam engine. The steam engine has promoted the development of the mechanical industry and even the society, and laid the foundation for the development of steam turbines and internal combustion engines.

蒸汽汽车诞生

The birth of a steam car

1769年，法国人N·J·居纽制造了世界上第一辆蒸汽驱动的三轮汽车。这辆汽车被命名为"卡布奥雷"，车长 7.32m ，车高 2.2m ，车架上放置着一个像梨一样的大锅炉，前轮直径 1.28米 ，后轮直径 1.50米 ，前进时靠前轮控制方向，每前进12~15min需停车加热15min，运行速度3.5~ 3.9km/h 。1771年造出第二部车，没有真正跑过，现置于法国巴黎国家艺术馆展出。尽管居纽的这项发明失败了，但却是古代交通运输(以人、畜或帆为动力)与近代交通运输(动力机械驱动)的分水岭，具有划时代的意义。

In 1769, the French N. J. Jnewu made the world's first steam driven three wheeled vehicle. The car was named "Cab Ole", the car length 7.32m, the car height 2.2M, the frame placed a big boiler like a pear, the front wheel diameter 1.28 meters, the rear wheel diameter 1.50 meters, forward wheel control direction, every forward 12~15min to stop heating 15min, running speed of 3.5 ~ 3.9km/h. In 1771, second cars were built, which had not actually run, and are now on display at the National Gallery of Paris, France. Although this invention has failed, it is an epoch-making significance of ancient transportation (the power of people, animals or sails) and modern transportation (power machinery drive).

到1804年，脱威迪克又设计并制造了一辆蒸汽汽车，这辆汽车还拉着10T重的货物在铁路上行使了 15.7km 。

By 1804, Vidic had also designed and manufactured a steam car, which also carried 10T heavy goods and exercised 15.7km on the railway.

1825年，英国人斯瓦底·嘉内制造了一辆蒸汽公共汽车，18座，车速为 19km/h ，开始了世界上最早的公共汽车运营。 [斯瓦底·嘉内制造的蒸汽公共汽车] 斯瓦底·嘉内制造的蒸汽公共汽车

In 1825, the British Swaddy Garne created a steam bus, 18 cars, the speed of 19km/h, began the world's earliest bus operation. [steam car made by the ward of vair]

1831年，美国的史沃奇·古勒将一台蒸汽汽车投入运输，相距15km 格斯特和切罗腾哈姆之间便出现了有规律的运输服务。

In 1831, Schwoch Guler, the United States, put a steam car into transport, with regular transport services between 15km and certenham.

后来，蒸气机发展成为铁道车辆和船舶使用的外燃动力源，人们在为汽车寻找功率体积比、功率重量比高的轻便动力装置。

Later, the steam engine developed into a power source for the use of railway vehicles and ships. People are looking for a portable power device with high power and volume ratio and high power and weight ratio for cars.

内燃机的发明

The invention of the internal combustion engine

1794年，英国人斯垂特首次提出了把燃料和空气混合形成可燃混合气以供燃烧的设想。

In 1794, the British first proposed the idea of mixing fuel and air to form combustible mixture for combustion.

1801年，法国人勒本提出了煤气机的原理。

In 1801, the French man brought up the principle of gas engine.

1824年，法国热力工程师萨迪·卡诺在《关于火力动力及其发生的内燃机考察》一书中，揭示了"卡诺循环"的学说。

In 1824, Sadi Cano, a French Thermal Engineer, revealed the theory of "Kano cycle" in his book on the investigation of fire power and its internal combustion engine.

1859年，法国的勒努瓦用煤气和空气混合气取代往复式蒸气机的蒸气，通过电火花点火爆发燃烧，制成二冲程煤气内燃机，法国和英国都制造了一小批。

In 1859, France's L / u used gas and air to replace the steam of the reciprocating steam engine. The two stroke gas engine was made by the ignition of the electric spark, which made a small batch in France and the UK.

1861年，法国的德·罗夏提出了进气、压缩、作功、排气等容燃烧的四冲程内燃机工作循环方式，于1862年1月16日被法国当局授予了专利。

In 1861, de Rochat of France proposed the working cycle of the four - stroke internal combustion engine, including intake, compression, work and exhaust, which was patented by the French authorities in January 16, 1862.